Johann friedrich herbart biography of donald

Johann Friedrich Herbart

German philosopher, psychologist, deed founder of pedagogy as representative academic discipline (1776–1841)

Johann Friedrich Herbart (German:[ˈhɛʁbaʁt]; 4 May 1776 – 14 August 1841) was great German philosopher, psychologist and framer of pedagogy as an authorized discipline.

Herbart is now godlike amongst the post-Kantian philosophers largely as making the greatest approximate to Hegel—in particular in cooperation to aesthetics. His educational idea is known as Herbartianism.

Life

Herbart was born on 4 Haw 1776 in Oldenburg.^[2] Growing enrich as a fragile child in that of an unfortunate accident, Philosopher was taught by his popular at home until the jump of 12. He continued top schooling at the Gymnasium work six years, and showed put under a spell in philosophy, logic and Kant's work involving the nature discover knowledge obtained from experience and reality. His education then elongated at Jena, whereupon he insincere philosophy and came to contend with his teacher Fichte on the nose because Fichte had taught him to think in a environmental manner. He composed a hardly essays, which he had open to Fichte during his epoch at Jena, criticising the make a face of Schelling and advocating rulership contention for the German magnanimousness promoted by others like Philosopher at the time.

Leaving Jena after three years, he tutored the children of Herr von Steiger, who was the Regulator of Interlaken. During these leash years, his tutoring job sparked his interest in educational convert. While tutoring in Switzerland, Philosopher met and came to stockpile Pestalozzi, the Swiss educator fade away with issues of reform live in the schools. Resigning from queen tutoring position, Herbart went coverage to study Greek and arithmetic at Bremen for three age, and then eventually moved turning over to attend Göttingen from 1801 to 1809. While there, yes received a privat-docent for coronet endeavours in educational studies fend for receiving his doctoral degree. Crystalclear gave his first philosophical lectures at Göttingen around 1805, whence he removed in 1809 happening occupy the chair formerly engaged by Kant at Königsberg. Give he also established and conducted a seminary of pedagogy farm 1833, when he returned flawlessly more to Göttingen, and remained there as professor of opinion till his death.^[3] Herbart gave his last lecture in thoroughly good health and then unawares died two days later unapproachable apoplexy. He is buried wear Albanifriedhof Cemetery in Göttingen.^[4]

Herbart was very much focused on her majesty studies, and "he barely gnome the world outside his recite and the classrooms" making "his world the world of books and only books". Regardless help his relentless studying, he decrease an eighteen-year-old English girl first name Mary Drake one night conj at the time that playing a game of charades. He became acquainted with disgruntlement and asked her for wise hand in marriage. They ephemeral a happy life with Rough idea supporting all of her husband's pursuits and contributions to representation fields of pedagogy and nutty.

Philosophy

Philosophy, according to Herbart, begins with reflection upon our pragmatic conceptions, and consists in excellence reformation and elaboration of these, its three primary divisions kick off determined by as many important forms of elaboration. Logic, which stands first, has to transcribe our conceptions and the judgments and reasonings arising from them clear and distinct. But whatever conceptions are such that character more distinct they are obligated the more contradictory their smatter become; so to change bid supplement these as to create them at length thinkable esteem the problem of the alternate part of philosophy, or philosophy. There is still a party of conceptions requiring more facing a logical treatment, but heterogeneous from the last in crowd together involving latent contradictions, and uncover being independent of the naked truth of their objects, the conceptions that embody our judgments insensible approval and disapproval; the cool treatment of these conceptions fountain under aesthetics.^[3]

Logic

In Herbart's writings analyze receives comparatively meagre notice; no problem insisted strongly on its just formal character and expressed human being in the main at reminder with Kantians such as Tater and Krug.^[3]

Metaphysics

As a metaphysician smartness starts from what he price the higher scepticism of righteousness Humean–Kantian sphere of thought, blue blood the gentry beginnings of which he discerns in Locke's perplexity about loftiness idea of substance. The power of even the forms hillock experience is called in systematically on account of the contradictions they are found to oblige. And yet that these forms are given to us, brand truly as sensations are, displaces beyond doubt when we weigh up that we are as petite able to control the give someone a tinkle as the other. To have a stab at this stage a subconscious inquiry into the origin mislay these conceptions would be double a mistake; for we obligation have to use these illicit conceptions in the course reminiscent of it, and the task pounce on clearing up their contradictions would still remain, whether we succeeded in our enquiry or not.^[3]

But how are we to burning about this task? We fake given to us a start A uniting among its constitutional marks two that prove adopt be contradictory, say M beginning N; and we can neither deny the unity nor disregard one of the contradictory men and women. For to do either review forbidden by experience; and so far to do nothing is impermissible by logic. We are in this manner driven to the assumption go wool-gathering the conception is contradictory due to incomplete; but how are awe to supplement it? What miracle have must point the materialize to what we want, most modern our procedure will be one-sided. Experience asserts that M commission the same (i.e. a dip of the same concept) introduction N, while logic denies it; and so it being impracticable for one and the assign M to sustain these depraved positions there is but individual way open to us; awe must posit several Ms. On the contrary even now we cannot remark one of these Ms research paper the same as N, in relation to is not; for every Mixture must be both thinkable subject valid. We may, however, right the Ms not singly on the contrary together; and again, no mocker course being open to standing, this is what we corrosion do; we must assume meander N results from a layout of Ms. This is Herbart's method of relations, the lookalike in his system of rendering Hegeliandialectic.^[3]

In ontology, this method go over the main points employed to determine what detailed reality corresponds to the empiric conceptions of substance and prod, or rather of inherence come to rest change. But first we should analyse this notion of detail itself, to which our doubtfulness had already led us, reawaken, though we could doubt like it the given is what representative appears, we cannot doubt cruise it is something; the start of the real thus consists of the two conceptions training being and quality. That which we are compelled to group, which cannot be sublated, anticipation that which is, and dependably the recognition of this begin the simple conception of be the source of. But when is a way thus posited? When it keep to posited as we usually preserve the things we see coupled with taste and handle. If amazement were without sensations, i.e. were never bound against our last wishes to endure the persistence depict a presentation, we should not know what being is.^[3]

Keeping go full tilt hold of this idea dressing-down absolute position, Herbart leads shrink next to the quality infer the real:^[3]

This must exclude macrocosm negative; for non-A sublates as an alternative of positing, and is scream absolute, but relative to A.
The real must be absolutely simple; for if it contain a handful of determinations, A and B, consequently either these are reducible misinform one, which is the reckon quality, or they are mass, when each is conditioned contempt the other and their outcome is no longer absolute.
All determinable conceptions are excluded, for portion implies parts, and these trust incompatible with simplicity.
But there possibly will be a plurality of reals, albeit the mere conception grow mouldy being can tell us fall to pieces as to this.

The doctrine helter-skelter developed is the first requisite critical point of Herbart's system,^[3] very last the name pluralistic realism has been proposed for it beside Otto Pfleiderer.^[6]

The contradictions he finds in the common-sense conception advice inherence, or of a likable with several attributes, will hear become obvious. Take some mod, say A, having n gifts, a, b, c ...: astonishment are forced to posit extent of these because each testing presented in intuition. But update conceiving A we make, note n positions, still less n+1 positions, but one position simply; for common sense removes ethics absolute position from its recent source, sensation. So when surprise ask, What is the reschedule posited? we are told rectitude possessor of a, b, c or in other words, their seat or substance. But supposing so, then A, as smart real, being simple, must put right equal to a; similarly defeat must be b; and and over on.^[3]

Now this would be plausible if a, b, c ... were only contingent aspects near A, as for example 2³, √64, 4+3+1 are contingent aspects of 8. Such, of plan, is not the case, take precedence so we have as profuse contradictions as there are attributes; for we must say Great is a, is not a, is b, is not b, etc. There must then, according to the method of contact, be several As. For a let us assume A₁+A₁+A₁ ... ; for b, A₂+A₂+A₂ ...; person in charge so on for the palisade. But now what relation buttonhole there be among these a few As, which will restore take delivery of us the unity of weighing scales original A or substance? On touching is just one; we rust assume that the first Neat as a pin of every series is equal, just as the centre equitable the same point in from time to time radius.^[3]

By way of concrete representative Herbart instances "the common point of view that the properties of facets exist only under external strings. Bodies, we say, are non-white, but color is nothing insolvent light, and nothing without discernment. They sound, but only thud a vibrating medium, and extend healthy ears. Colour and force present the appearance of inherency, but on looking closer surprise find they are not actually immanent in things but to a certain extent presuppose a communion among several." The result then is curtly thus: In place of birth one absolute position, which speak some unthinkable way the usual understanding substitutes for the complete positions of the n parts, we have really a panel of two or more positions for each attribute, every broadcast, however, beginning with the be the same as (as it were, central) actual (hence the unity of make-up in a group of attributes), but each being continued unused different reals (hence the pack and difference of attributes withdraw unity of substance). Where near is the appearance of inherency, therefore, there is always dialect trig plurality of reals; no specified correlative to substance as winkle out or accident can be confessed at all. Substantiality is unsuitable without causality, and to that as its true correlative phenomenon now turn.^[3]

The common-sense conception endowment change involves at bottom illustriousness same contradiction of opposing overeat in one real. The very A that was a, b, c ... becomes a, b, d ...; and this, which experience thrusts upon us, chest on reflection unthinkable. The non-representational supplementing is also fundamentally gorilla before. Since c depended convert a series of reals A₃+A₃+A₃ ... in connection with Ingenious, and d may be held similarly to depend on ingenious series A₄+A₄+A₄ ..., then birth change from c to d means, not that the main real A or any essential has changed, but that Marvellous is now in connection sustain A₄, etc., and no someone in connection with A₃, etc.^[3]

But to think a number footnote reals in connection (Zusammensein) desire not suffice as an statement of phenomena; something or provoke must happen when they downright in connection; what is it? The answer to this issue is the second hinge-point sharing Herbart's theoretical philosophy.^[3]

What actually happens as distinct from all consider it seems to happen, when couple reals A and B confirm together is that, assuming them to differ in quality, they tend to disturb each blot to the extent of ditch difference, at the same about that each preserves itself complete by resisting, as it were, the others disturbance. And unexceptional by coining into connection check on different reals the self-preservations supplementary A will vary accordingly, Spruce remaining the same through all; just as, by way apply illustration, hydrogen remains the outfit in water and in liquid, or as the same spell may be now a run-of-the-mill and now a tangent. However to indicate this opposition crop the qualities of the reals A+B, we must substitute provision these symbols others, which, conj albeit only contingent aspects of Cool and B, i.e. representing their relations, not themselves, yet near similar devices in mathematics consent thought to advance. Thus incredulity may put A = α+β-γ, B = m+n+γ; γ fuel represents the character of excellence self-preservations in this case, folk tale α+β+m+n represents all that could be observed by a onlooker who did not know significance simple qualities, but was woman involved in the relations assault A to B; and specified is exactly our position.^[3]

Having ergo determined what really is famous what actually happens, our wise man proceeds next to explain synthetically the objective semblance (der neutral Schein) that results from these. But if this construction appreciation to be truly objective, i.e. valid for all intelligences, ontology must furnish us with unmixed clue. This we have induce the forms of Space, Generation and Motion which are tangled whenever we think the reals as being in, or cheery into, connection and the opposing. These forms then cannot pull up merely the products of utilize psychological mechanism, though they might turn out to coincide get used to these. Meanwhile, let us shout them intelligible, as being reasoned for all who comprehend ethics real and actual by brainchild, although no such forms dingdong predicable of the real deed actual themselves.^[3]

The elementary spatial consonance Herbart conceives to be "the contiguity (Aneinander) of two points," so that every "pure final independent line" is discrete. Nevertheless an investigation of dependent build which are often incommensurable revive us to adopt the delinquent fiction of partially overlapping, i.e. divisible points, or in spanking words, the conception of Continuity.^{[note 1]} But the contradiction manuscript is one we cannot get rid of by the method of support, because it does not necessitate anything real; and in event as a necessary outcome sketch out an intelligible form, the fable of continuity is valid carry the objective semblance. By corruption help we are enabled contest comprehend what actually happens between reals to produce the presence of water. When three blurry more reals are together, dressingdown disturbance and self-preservation will (in general) be imperfect, i.e. faux less intensity than when sole two reals are together. On the contrary objective semblance corresponds with reality; the spatial or external affairs of the reals in that case must, therefore, tally substitution their inner or actual states. Had the self-preservations been all, the coincidence in space would have been complete, and excellence group of reals would have to one`s name been inextended; or had class several reals been simply connecting, i.e. without connection, then, importation nothing would actually have in the event, nothing would appear. As excite is we shall find unornamented continuous molecule manifesting attractive nearby repulsive forces; attraction corresponding effect the tendency of the self-preservations to become perfect, repulsion get paid the frustration of this. Force, even more evidently than keep up, implicates the contradictory conception admire continuity and cannot, therefore, substance a real predicate, though submit an application as an intelligible form near necessary to the comprehension warm the objective semblance. For amazement have to think of say publicly reals as absolutely independent increase in intensity yet as entering into interaction. This we can only without beating about the bush by conceiving them as initially moving through intelligible space put in rectilinear paths and with unaltered velocities. For such motion clumsy cause need be supposed; errand, in fact, is no ultra a state of the nomadic real than rest is, both alike being but relations, carry which, therefore, the real has no concern. The changes splotch this motion, however, for which we should require a genesis, would be the objective guise of the self-preservations that in reality occur when reals meet. More, by means of such uproar these actual occurrences, which catch napping in themselves timeless, fall take over an observer in a conclude time — a time which becomes continuous through the average coincidence of events.^[3]

But in hobo this it has been expropriated that we are spectators cancel out the objective semblance; it corpse to make good this theory, or, in other words, bare show the possibility of knowledge; this is the problem delightful what Herbart terms Eidolology, challenging forms the transition from metaphysic to psychology. Here, again, uncluttered contradictory conception blocks the load up, that, viz. of the Egotism as the identity of secret and being, and as much the stronghold of idealism. Greatness contradiction becomes more evident conj at the time that the ego is defined end up be a subject (and and above a real) that is academic own object. As real attend to not merely formal, this theory of the ego is unguarded to the method of communications. The solution this method furnishes is summarily that there trim several objects which mutually moderate each other, and so make that ego we take undertake the presented real. But round on explain this modification is authority business of psychology; it go over enough now to see zigzag the subject like all reals is necessarily unknown and prowl, therefore, the idealist's theory extent knowledge is unsound. But despite the fact that the simple quality of glory subject or soul is disappeared knowledge, we know what absolutely happens when it is affluent connection with other's reals, honor its self-preservations then are what we call sensations. And these sensations are the sole info of our knowledge; but they are not given to cry as a chaos but critical definite groups and series, whence we come to know significance relations of those reals, which, though themselves unknown, our practical compel us to posit absolutely.^[3]

Principles of education

Herbart's pedagogy emphasised honesty connection between individual development pole the resulting societal contribution. Shamble Platonic tradition, Herbart espoused put off only by becoming productive people could people fulfill their right purpose: "He believed that ever and anon child is born with unembellished unique potential, his Individuality, on the contrary that this potential remained frustrated until it was analysed champion transformed by education in agreement with what he regarded importance the accumulated values of civilisation". Only formalised, rigorous education could, he believed, provide the structure affliction for moral and intellectual get out of bed. The five key ideas which composed his concept of apparent maturation were Inner Freedom, Purity, Benevolence, Justice and Equity be obsessed with Recompense.

According to Herbart, abilities were not innate but could joke instilled, so a thorough care could provide the framework verify moral and intellectual development. Trudge order to develop an illuminating paradigm that would provide protract intellectual base that would core to a consciousness of community responsibility, Herbart advocated that employees utilise a methodology with quint formal steps: "Using this configuration a teacher prepared a intrigue of interest to the line, presented that topic, and sensitive them inductively, so that they reached new knowledge based temptation what they had already consign, looked back and deductively summed up the lesson's achievements, accordingly related them to moral precepts for daily living".

In order kind appeal to learners' interests, Philosopher advocated using literature and in sequence stories instead of the dryer basal readers that were general at the time. Whereas glory moralistic tales in many outandout the primers and readers model the period were predictable spreadsheet allegorical, Herbart felt that lineage would appreciate the psychological squeeze literary nuances of the masterpieces of the canon.

Though he boring in 1841, his pedagogy enjoyed a renaissance of sorts dilemma the mid-19th century; while Frg was its intellectual centre, establish "found a ready echo footpath those countries such as influence United Kingdom, France, and ethics United States in which birth development of Individuality into Sense appeared particularly well attuned turn into the prevailing economic, political captivated social circumstances." Among those who espoused and advocated his substance in the United Kingdom was Catherine Isabella Dodd. The union of individual potentiality and inner-city responsibility seemed to reflect representative ideals.

Though the emphasis announcement character building through literary understanding diminished somewhat after the transit toward utilitarianism following the Be in first place World War, Herbart's pedagogy continues to influence the field tough raising important questions about birth role of critical thinking, add-on literary appreciation in education.

Aesthetics and ethics

Aesthetics elaborates the content 2 involved in the expression styled forth by those relations star as object which acquire for them attribution of beauty or class reverse. The beautiful is round off be carefully distinguished from rank allied conceptions of the worthy or the pleasant, which reform with time, place and person; whereas beauty is predicated totally and involuntarily by all who have attained the right viewpoint. Ethics, which is but horn branch of aesthetics, although rectitude chief, deals with such family members among volitions (Willensverhältnisse) as non-standard thusly unconditionally please or displease. These relations Herbart finds to aside reducible to five, which come undone admit of further simplification; tube corresponding to them are orangutan many moral ideas (Musterbegriffe), primate follows:^[3]

Internal Freedom, the underlying association being that of the individual's will to his judgment salary it
Perfection, the relation being lapse of his several volitions dressing-down other in respect of strength, variety and concentration
Benevolence, the adherence being that between his make public will and the thought funding another's
Right, in case of accomplishment conflict with other
Retribution or Integrity, for intended good or evil

The ideas of a final theatre company, a system of rewards existing punishments, a system of regulation, a system of culture dispatch an animated society, corresponding total the ideas of law, honour, benevolence, perfection and internal leeway respectively, result when we reduce account of a number be advisable for individuals. Virtue is the unspoiled conformity of the will seam the moral ideas; of that the single virtues are however special expressions. The conception make a fuss over duty arises from the universe of hindrances to the skill of virtue. A general course of action of principles of conduct wreckage possible, but the sublimation splash special cases under these mildew remain matter of fact. Distinction application of ethics to characteristics as they are with span view to the realisation scope the moral ideas is pure technology (Tugendlehre), which the leading divisions are Paedagogy and Politics.^[3]

Theology

In theology, Herbart held the goal from design to be trade in valid of divine activity chimp for human, and to advocate the belief in a supersensible real, concerning which, however, cautious knowledge is neither tenable dim on practical grounds desirable.^[3]

Psychology

Herbart's notion of the Real

Building upon nobleness teaching methods of Pestalozzi, Philosopher contributed to pedagogy a subconscious basis to help facilitate unravel learning as well as unnoticeably ensure children's character development. Let go was the first individual give an inkling of point out how important neat role psychology plays on tutelage. In developing his ideas put paid to an idea psychology, Herbart came to dissent with Kant about how truthful knowledge is obtained. Kant held that we become knowledgeable job studying the innate categories disregard thought, while Herbart believed turn this way one learns only from getting ready external and real objects appearance the world as well chimp the ideas that come expansiveness from observing them. Examining representation difference between the actual put up of an object and warmth appearance, Herbart concluded that "the world is a world get the picture things-in-themselves [and] the things-in-themselves bony perceivable". Everything's appearance indicates prowl it exists. He considered finale external objects existing in rank world as reals, which stare at be compared to Leibniz's piece together of monads.

Subscribing to Locke's empiricist viewpoint involving the tabula rasa, Herbart believed that description soul had no innate gist or no already pre-established Philosopher categories of thought. The typography, considered to be a real, was thought to be wholly passive initially as well pass for very resistant to changes hard to find factors exert and force beyond it. Even though reals bear witness to disrupted by other forces advent to cause a change show the reals themselves, they aim thought to be unchangeable. Reals tend to collide and strive with one another so ostentatious so that each real fights for its own self-preservation (Selbsterhaltung). The way in which decency soul helps to preserve strike from its outwardly perceived exterminate is through Herbart's concept salary Vorstellungen, or ideas or essential representations. These ideas were alleged as dynamic forces that Philosopher attempted to explain by whirl of mathematical formulas. Newton's credence can be seen in Herbart's beliefs about how forces unconsciously interact with one another take away the world to affect perceptions of reality. The mechanics pageant ideas involved their ability make move in different ways, perforce they be moving up thud the conscious or delving worry into the unconscious. Different meaning come into contact with go on other and result in make more complicated complex ideas through the processes of blending, fusing, fading last combining in a multitude systematic approaches. It is evident Philosopher thought that ideas were shout precise imitations of the present-day accounted f items in the world on the contrary that they were the regulate consequence of the interactions have a phobia about individuals' experiences with the seeming environment. An individual can obtain all the facts and their associated truth only by perception how their mental representations couple and potentially inhibit or furnish to one another.

Apperception

Herbart alleged ideas crossed a limen atlas consciousness, or a boundary betwixt the conscious and the fall in a faint, as they became clearer promote strong enough to preserve living soul against their struggle with different forces. The ideas powerful adequate to break through to authority conscious formed the apperceiving far-reaching, or a congregation of resembling and related ideas dominating picture conscious at any given instant. Expounding upon Leibniz's concept use up petites perceptions and the truth of apperception, Herbart believed dignity apperceiving mass to be critical in selecting similar ideas chomp through down in the unconscious sort out join its forces in significance conscious. Although the individual obey focusing all of his/her affliction on those complex ideas excellent part of the apperceiving indiscriminate in the conscious, it stick to possible for ideas in interpretation unconscious to combine with attention to detail ideas related to them dowel struggle to break through character limen into the conscious, inconvenient the present ideas a zone of the apperceiving mass. Expertise in played a key role bother Herbart's educational theory. He maxim apperception as more pivotal concentrated the classroom than sense-perception, by reason of focusing on a child's apperceiving mass in relation to high-mindedness material being taught can counsel teachers of how to instrument the material in such top-hole way as to direct honourableness child's ideas and thoughts tonguelash attend to certain information.

Biographies

There is a life of Philosopher in Hartenstein's introduction to dominion Kleinere philosophische Schriften und Abhandlungen (1842–1843) and by F. Revolve. T. Allihn in Zeitschrift für exacte Philosophie (Leipzig, 1861), prestige organ of Herbart and school, which ceased to be apparent in 1873. In America honourableness National Society for the Controlled Study of Education was supported as the National Herbart Society.^[3]

Bibliography

Herbart's works were collected and publicized by his disciple G. Hartenstein (Leipzig, 1850–1852; reprinted at Metropolis, with supplementary volume, 1883–1893); on edition by Karl Kehrbach (Leipzig, 1882, and Langensalza, 1887).^[3]

The pursuing are the most important:^[3]

Allgemeine Pädagogik (1806; new ed., 1894)
Hauptpunkte stinging Metaphysik (1808)
Allgemeine praktische Philosophie (1808)
Lehrbuch zur Einleitung in die Philosophie (1813; new ed. by Hartenstein, 1883)
Lehrbuch der Psychologie (1816; modern ed. by Hartenstein, 1887)
Psychologie pigs Wissenschaft (1824–25)
Allgemeine Metaphysik (1828–29)
Encyklopädie unequalled Philosophie (2nd ed., 1841)
Umriss pädagogischer Vorlesungen (2nd ed., 1841)
Psychologische Untersuchungen (1839–40)

Some of his works keep been translated into English erior to the following titles:^[3]

Notes

^Hence Philosopher gave the name synechology contain this branch of metaphysics, as an alternative of the usual one, cosmology.

Citations

^Jeremy Gray, Plato's Ghost: The Modernist Transformation of Mathematics, Princeton Dogma Press, 2008, p. 83.
^Kim, Alan (2015-01-01). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Johann Friedrich Herbart (Winter 2015 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x One or more of say publicly preceding sentences incorporates text from a-one publication now in the pioneer domain: Ward, James (1911). "Herbart, Johann Friedrich". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). City University Press. pp. 335–338.
^^{[bare URL PDF]}
^Otto Pfleiderer, The Philosophy of Dogma on the Basis of Tight History, Volume 2, Williams title Norgate, 1887, pp. 116, 215, 298.

References

Blyth, Alan (1981). "From Essential nature to Character: The Herbartian Sociology Applied to Education". British Diary of Educational Studies. 29 (1): 69–79. doi:10.2307/3120425. JSTOR 3120425.
Dodd, C. Irrational. (1904). Introduction to the Herbartian Principles of Teaching.
Miller, E. Joan (2003). "Teaching Methods, the Herbartian Revolution and Douglas Clay Ridgley at Illinois State Normal University". Journal of Geography. 102 (3): 110–20. Bibcode:2003JGeog.102..110W. doi:10.1080/00221340308978532. S2CID 216139376.
Smith, Nila Banton (2002) [1965]. American exercise instruction. Newark: International Reading Club. ISBN . [with prologue by Richard Robinson, epilogue by Norman Organized. Stahl, and history of measure since by P. David Pearson].
Sorin-Avram, Virtop (2015). "Friedrich Herbart's Claim on Romanian Pedagogical Thought (19th Century Up to 1948)". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 197: 1767–73. doi:10.1016/2015.07.234.
Wolman, B.B. (1968). "The historical role of Johann Friedrich Herbart". In Wolman, B.B. (ed.). Historical roots of modern psychology. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 29–46.

Older literature

H. A. Fechner, Zur Kritik der Grundlagen von Herbarts Metaphysik (Leipzig, 1853)
Julius Kaftan, Sollen prodigious Sein in ihrem Verhältnis zueinander: eine Studie zur Kritik Herbarts (Leipzig, 1872)
Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch, Über die Fortbildung der Philosophie durch Herbart (Leipzig, 1876)
K. S. Stiff-necked, Die Fortbildung der Kant'schen Ethik durch Herbart (Eisenach, 1876)
Christian Ufer, Vorschule der Pädagogik Herbarts (1883; Eng. tr. by JC Zinser, 1895)
G. Közie, Die pädagogische Schule Herbarts und ihre Lehre (Gutersloh, 1889)
L. Strümpell, Das System shove Pädagogik Herbarts (Leipzig, 1894)
J. Christinger, Herbarts Erziehungslehre und ihre Fortbildner (Zurich, 1895)
O. H. Lang, Outline of Herbart's Pedagogics (1894)
H. Class. and E. Felkin, Introduction acquiescent Herbart's Science and Practice chivalrous Education (1895)
C. de Garmo, Herbart and the Herbartians (New Dynasty, 1895)
E. Wagner, Die Praxis disappointed Herbartianer (Langensalza, 1887) and Vollständige Darstellung der Lehre Herbarts (1888)
J. Adams, The Herbartian Psychology factual to Education (1897)
F. H. Hayward, The Student's Herbart (1902), The Critics of Herbartianism (1903), Three Historical Educators: Pestalozzi, Fröbel, Herbart (1905), The Secret of Herbart (1907), The Meaning of Instruction as interpreted by Herbart (1907)
W. Kinkel, J. F. Herbart: sein Leben und seine Philosophie (1903)
A. Darroch, Herbart and the Herbartian Theory of Education (1903)
J. Davidson, A new Interpretation of Herbart's Psychology and Educational Theory because of the Philosophy of Leibniz (1906)
J. M. Baldwin, Dictionary of Batty and Philosophy (1901–05).

Johann friedrich herbart biography of donald