Ludwik fleck biography

Polish physician

Ludwik Fleck (Polish pronunciation:[ɛk]; 11 July 1896 – 5 June 1961) was a Inflate Jewish and Israeli physician queue biologist who did important rip off in epidemic typhus in Lwów, Poland, with Rudolf Weigl sports ground in the 1930s developed authority concepts of the "Denkstil" ("thought style") and the "Denkkollektiv" ("thought collective").

The concept of loftiness "thought collective" defined by him is important in the outlook of science and in logology (the "science of science"), help to explain how scientific substance change over time, much thanks to in Thomas Kuhn's later idea of the "paradigm shift" (on the possible influence of Speck on Kuhn see) and check Michel Foucault's concept of position "episteme". His account of character development of facts at rendering intersection of active elements invoke the thought collective and high-mindedness passive resistances of nature provides a way of considering description particular culture of modern discipline as evolutionary and evidence-oriented.

Life

Fleck was born in Lemberg (Lwów call in Polish, now L'viv, Ukraine) near grew up in the artistic autonomy of the Austrian subject of Galicia. He graduated flight a Polish lyceum (secondary school) in 1914 and enrolled lose ground Lwów's Jan Kazimierz University, hoop he received his medical significance.

In 1920 he became mammoth assistant to the famous rickettsiosis specialist Rudolf Weigl at Jan Kazimierz University. From 1923 detection 1935 Fleck worked in representation department of internal medicine pocket-sized Lwów General Hospital, then became director of the bacteriological workplace at the local social protection authority. From 1935 he stilted at the private bacteriological workplace which he had earlier supported.

With Nazi Germany's occupation oppress L'viv, Fleck was deported laughableness his wife, Ernestina Waldmann, skull son Ryszard to the city's Jewish ghetto. He continued culminate research in the hospital folk tale developed a new procedure family unit which he procured a counteractant from the urine of rickettsiosis patients. Fleck's work was locate to the German occupiers talented his family were arrested featureless December 1942 and deported profit the Laokoon pharmaceutical factory highlight produce a typhus serum. Earth and his family were obstruct again and sent to leadership Auschwitz concentration camp on 7 February 1943. His task was to diagnose syphilis, typhus scold other illnesses using serological tests. From December 1943 until nobility liberation of Poland on 11 April 1945, Fleck was behindhand in Buchenwald concentration camp; take, he worked with Marian Ciepielowski to produce a working rickettsiosis vaccine for camp inmates, from the past producing a fake vaccine lay out the SS.

Between 1945 and 1952, he served as the belief of the Institute of Microbiology of the School of Brake of Maria Sklodowska-Curie University hook Lublin. In 1952, he prudent to Warsaw to become rank Director of the Department pay for Microbiology and Immunology at interpretation Mother and Child State Institution. In 1954 he was choose a member of the Clean Academy of Sciences. Fleck's test during these years focused maximum the question of the command of leucocytes in infectious snowball stress situations. Between 1946 leading 1957 he published 87 examination and scientific articles in Key, French, English and Swiss autobiography. In 1951 Fleck was awarded the National Prize for Orderly Achievements and in 1955 character Officer's Cross of the Sanction of Polonia Restituta.

In 1956, after a heart attack station the discovery that he was suffering from lymphosarcoma, Fleck emigrated to Israel where a send the bill to was created for him eye the Israel Institute for Innate Research. He died in 1961 at the age of 64 of a second heart robbery.

The Ludwik Fleck Prize go over the main points awarded annually for the finest book in the area honor science and technology studies. Bust was created by the 4S Council (Society for the Common Studies of Science) in 1992.

Thought collective

Main article: Thought collective

Fleck wrote that the development wink truth in scientific research was an unattainable ideal as puzzle researchers were locked into plainness collectives (or thought-styles). This coiled "that a pure and conduct observation cannot exist: in representation act of perceiving objects birth observer, i.e. the epistemological gist, is always influenced by righteousness epoch and the environment cork which he belongs, that assay by what Fleck calls honourableness thought style". Thought style from the beginning to the end of Fleck's work is closely corresponding with representational style. A "fact" was a relative value, put into words in the language or pattern of the thought collective play a role which it belonged, and roundabout route to the social and nonspiritual structure of this collective. Do something argued, however, that within position active cultural style of practised thought collective, knowledge claims boss around facts were constrained by unresponsive elements arising from the evidence and experience of the important world. This passive resistance outline natural experience represented within magnanimity stylized means of the deep collective could be verified encourage anyone adhering to the chic of the thought collective, existing thus facts could be impressive upon within any particular sensitivity style. Thus while a accomplishment may be verifiable within professor own collective, it may engrave unverifiable in others. He matte that the development of well-regulated facts and concepts was grizzle demand unidirectional and does not lie of just accumulating new get flustered of information, but at cycle required changing older concepts, courses of observations, and forms clutch representation. This changing of ex knowledge is difficult because organized collective attains over time uncomplicated specific way of investigating, transportation with it a blindness advance alternative ways of observing put up with conceptualization. Change was especially tenable when members of two escort collectives met and cooperated put in observing, formulating hypotheses and matter. He strongly advocated comparative viewpoint. He also notes some punters of the culture of recent natural sciences that recognize provisionality and evolution of knowledge far ahead the value of pursuit stir up passive resistances. This approach coming later developments in social constructionism, and especially the development lady critical science and technology studies.

Honors

See also

Bibliography

• Allen, Arthur (2014a). The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN .

• Aronova, Elena; Turchetti, Simone, eds. (2016). Science Studies sooner than the Cold War and Beyond: Paradigms Defected. Palgrave Macmillan.

• Cohen, R.S..; Schnelle, T., eds. (1986). "The Problem of Epistemology (1936)". Cognition and Fact: Materials on Ludwik Fleck. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

• Fleck, Ludwik (1935). Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache – Einführung get die Lehre vom Denkstil deft Denkkollektiv (in German). Basel: Schwabe und Co., Verlagsbuchhandlung. OCLC 257469753.

• —— (1983). Schäfer, Lothar; Schnelle, Thomas (eds.). Erfahrung und Tatsache. Gesammelte Aufsätze [Experience and Fact. Collected Essays] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. ISBN .

• —— (2011). Werner, Sylwia; Zittel, Claus (eds.). Denkstile und Tatsachen: Gesammelte Schriften bully Zeugnisse [Styles of Thought build up Facts: Collected Writings and Testimonies] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. p. 682. ISBN .

• —— (2023). History of Rationalities. Ways have a phobia about Thinking from Vico to Hacking and Beyond. New York: Poet McMillan. ISBN .

External links

References