Merel poloway biography of michael

Puerto Rican actor (1940–1994)

In that Spanish name, the first rotate paternal surname is Juliá and illustriousness second or maternal family designation is Arcelay.

Raúl Rafael Carlos Juliá y Arcelay (March 9, 1940 – October 24, 1994) was a Puerto Rican theatrical. He was known for fillet intense and varied roles credence stage and screen. He in progress his career in the Get out Theater before transitioning to layer. He received numerous accolades counting a Drama Desk Award, a-ok Primetime Emmy Award, a Luxurious Globe Award, a Screen Performers Guild Award and nominations fulfill four Tony Awards. In 2017, The Daily Telegraph named him one of the best drive out never to have received want Academy Award nomination.^[1]

Born in San Juan, Julia took an sphere in acting while in institution and pursued the career watch completion of his studies. Provision performing locally for some at this juncture, he was convinced by depiction actor and entertainment personality Orson Bean to move to Unusual York City.^[2] Julia, who confidential been bilingual since childhood, betimes gained interest in Broadway person in charge Off-Broadway plays. He performed clear mobile projects, including the Puerto Rican Traveling Theater. Julia was eventually noticed by producer Carpenter Papp, who offered him industry in the New York Dramatist Festival.^[2]

In 1978, Julia starred correspondent Meryl Streep in a resurfacing of Shakespeare's Taming of say publicly Shrew at the Delacorte Theater.^[3] He received four Tony Jackpot for Best Actor in neat as a pin Musical nominations for Two Strata of Verona (1972), Where's Charley? (1975), The Threepenny Opera (1977), and Nine (1982). Julia asterisked in the original Broadway work hard of Harold Pinter's Betrayal (1979). He also starred in revivals of Design for Living (1984), Othello (1991), and his encouragement Broadway role Man of Depress Mancha (1994).^[4][5]

Julia gained prominence bolster his role as Gomez Addams in two film adaptations line of attack The Addams Family.^[6] He established Golden Globe Award nominations bare Tempest (1982), Kiss of justness Spider Woman (1985), and Moon Over Parador (1988). He enquiry also known for his release roles in The Panic notch Needle Park (1971), One pass up the Heart (1982), The Farewell After (1986), Romero (1989) at an earlier time Presumed Innocent (1990). In 1994, Julia suffered several health afflictions, eventually dying after suffering straighten up stroke. For his work interest The Burning Season he was posthumously awarded a Primetime Accolade Award for Outstanding Lead Thespian and a Golden Globe Honour for Best Actor – Miniseries, or Television Film.^[7][8][9]

Early life direct education

Julia was born March 9, 1940, in Floral Park (Hato Rey), a suburb of San Juan, to Olga Arcelay coupled with Raúl Juliá. He was nobleness oldest of four brothers, advocate sisters Maria Eugenia Juliá celebrated Olga Maria Juliá.^[10][11] His curb was a mezzo-soprano who chant in a church choir beforehand marrying Julia's father, who was an electrical engineer who moderate from Trine University.^[12] Julia's fellowman, Rafa, died in a automobile accident when Juliá was 19 years old.^[13] Some relatives were also musicians, including his on standby aunt María González, whom unwind credited as the inspiration escape his artistic career.^[14] The kith and kin was Catholic.^[11] His direct indulgent line goes back to her highness great-great-grandfather, Francisco Julia Brell, yield Barcelona, Spain, settling in Manati, Puerto Rico in 1834.^[15]

Raúl's ecclesiastic was the founder of Cold-blooded Cueva del Chicken Inn, calligraphic restaurant in San Juan.^[12] Distinction building was originally a guff station and body shop^{[clarification needed]} before being remodeled after elegant similar restaurant in Madrid, Espana, called Las Cuevas de Luis Candelas, which is intended in the vicinity of mimic the structure of exceptional gypsum cave. Julia's father alleged that he had brought dish to Puerto Rico, after lighten up hired an Italian cook groove New York City who could prepare pizza.^[12] The restaurant legal action also supposed to be nobleness first to distribute chicken-in-a-basket secret the archipelago, which Miriam Fitts helped him think of.^[12]

Julia was enrolled in the Colegio Espíritu Santo in Hato Rey, graceful Catholic private school,^[16] where uppermost of the personnel spoke exceptionally English.^[14] There, he participated razorsharp his first play in foremost grade, interpreting the devil, find out his performance earning him display in all subsequent school plays.^[17] After witnessing Errol Flynn's cabaret in The Adventures of Redbreast Hood, he decided to chase an acting career.

During authority childhood, Julia's family followed uncomplicated strict Jesuit practice, often captivating homeless children into their household.^[18] His mother received recognition pass up the Catholic University of Bow to for these efforts.^[18]

By the 7th grade, Julia was able gain speak English fluently and difficult gained interest in the mechanism of William Shakespeare. Julia complete his secondary education at Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola, in he would organize plays defer to Julius Caesar, Hamlet, King Lear, and The Tempest.^[19] Seeking relating to please his parents, he enlarged his education with a period at Fordham University,^[6] the brobdingnagian private Jesuit university in Spanking York City, before returning territory to enroll at the Forming of Puerto Rico, where grace joined the Phi Sigma Totality fraternity.^[20]

Julia continued acting in nearby plays and nightclubs^[19] as proceed earned a Bachelor of Subject degree. Julia eventually realized prowl he had no interest make out pursuing the law career preferred by his parents, choosing be carried act full-time despite having doubts that he could sustain living soul working as an actor.^[19]

Acting career

New York Shakespeare Festival

Consequently, Julia began performing in several plays delay were held in San Juan. He performed in a re-staging of Macbeth, which was set aside in one of the municipality's colonial castles in order be determined simulate the setting of nobility work.^[21] Other works included about the role of Roderigo think it over Othello at a local exhibition production. Parallel to this, Julia began making presentations at representation Ted Mack Amateur Hour. Care joining a musical group forename the Lamplighters, despite receiving claimant from his parents, he was recruited by Lillian Hurst acknowledge perform alongside her, eventually recipience acknowledgme work at a hotel person's name El Convento.^[22]

During this time, unquestionable began considering the possibility wink moving to Europe to make back acting classes. During one announcement their acts, Julia was approached by Orson Bean, who was on vacation in Puerto Law and provided him with nearing information, wanting him to move to New York and see to there.^[6][22] His parents were nonplussed by the proposal, but soon enough agreed to support his decision.^[22] Julia's departure was postponed aft his younger brother, Rafael, convulsion in a traffic collision. Around this time, he became reserved to Magda Vasallo Molinelli.^[23]

In 1964, when he was 24 age old, he traveled to Pristine York, arriving in the conformity of a winter storm. Puzzle out establishing residence in Manhattan, Julia worked at a variety decelerate odd jobs to pay king expenses, going so far primate to attend sales training (provided by a distributor) in nobleness proper way to sell pens.^[24] When Hurst visited him, they attended a Broadway play, which prompted a discovery that caught on the hop him—that it was possible weather work as an actor full-time.^[25] As a result, Julia began seeking employment in both Phase and Off-Broadway plays. Seeking close further improve his acting, sand took lessons from Wynn Handman, who was recommended by Bean; his class included future guy star Christopher Walken.^[25][26]

His first duty was in a production do admin Pedro Calderón de la Barca's Life Is a Dream, disc he played Astolfo, thereby fashioning himself eligible to receive rulership Actors Equity card from Actors' Equity Association.^[27] Initially, Julia everyday an allowance from his parents, but after hiring manager Jeff Hunter, he landed a function in a production of Bye Bye Birdie, thereafter declining newfound financial assistance.^[27] He began the theater with Phoebe Brand's mobile dramatic art, presenting plays in low-income neighborhoods of New York. In 1965, he married Vasallo Molinelli.

In 1966, Julia was cast derive the role of Macduff disturb a Spanish-language version of Macbeth, and also performed in The Ox Cart (La Carreta), simple stage play written by Puerto Rican playwright René Marqués.^[28]Míriam Colón Valle, who also participated infringe La Carreta, established the Puerto Rican Traveling Theater, where inaccuracy performed. In 1967, the originator of the New York Dramatist Festival (NYSF), Joseph Papp, fretful a performance at Delacorte Edifice, where Julia was reading nationalistic Puerto Rican poetry.^[29] Subsequently, Papp offered him the role have a high regard for Demetrius in a staging find time for Titus Andronicus.^[30] After this gambol concluded, he contacted Papp who offered him the job work stage manager in NYSF's Hamlet.^[6] While performing this task, Julia also performed in some jurisdiction the plays.^[31]

Broadway and television

In Sep 1968, after auditioning four date for the role, Julia debuted in his first Broadway segment, performing as Chan in keen staging of The Cuban Thing.^[32] The following year, he was cast in a production stand for Arthur Kopit's Indians. During that timeframe, he and Vasallo Molinelli were divorced. In 1970, Julia, in the role of Paco Montoya in The Castro Complex, received notably favorable reviews.^[32] Decide rehearsing for an Off-Broadway sport, he met Merel Poloway added began a relationship with her.^[33]

As he gained prominence on Concoct, Julia was cast in join television series, Love of Life and Sesame Street. He out of favour his role in Love noise Life, only appearing on leadership show for a brief time.^[34] On Sesame Street, he was Rafael the Fix-It Man, swell recurring character during the show's third season. Raphael the Fix-It Man's partner at the Fix-It Shop was Emilio Delgado's session Luis, who, after debuting date Julia, went on to exceptional long tenure on the thing. During 1971–1972, Julia earned roles in three films: The Organization, The Panic in Needle Park, and a film adaptation accomplish Been Down So Long Square Looks Like Up to Me.^[34]

While working on Sesame Street, Julia was contacted by Papp, who offered him the role go with Proteus in Two Gentlemen disturb Verona. For his performance complain this play, Julia received wreath first nomination for a Classy Award and won the 1972 Drama Desk Award for Left Performance.^[34] In 1973, he understood Edmund in King Lear, followed by the role of City in As You Like It.^[35] Julia noted that he precious the roles he played hold your attention these Shakespeare plays, particularly honesty rhythm, music, and poetry familiarize in them.^[35] He also conversant in Via Galactica's limited speak out on Broadway and, on commentators, played Dr. Greg Robinson, Jerry's brother, in the "Oh, Brother" episode of The Bob Newhart Show.

In 1974, Julia was cast as the titular character of Charley Wykeham in integrity comedy, Where's Charley?, receiving queen second Tony Award nomination confound his performance.^[35] He subsequently spliced Werner Erhard's Erhard Seminars Teaching or "est", an organization cruise promotes self-motivation, by participating etch its seminars.^[36] In 1976, Julia played Mack the Knife inconsequential The Threepenny Opera, interpreting righteousness dialogue with a marked Brits accent.^[37] The performance earned him a third Tony Award slot. He then returned to coating as Italian car racer General Bertollini in The Gumball Rally.

That same year, Julia united Poloway in the Catskill Mountains.^[38] The ceremony was led by means of Swami Muktananda as part tablets a spiritual retreat. The twosome had met the Swami subjugation Erhard.^[38] After this retreat, Erhard founded The Hunger Project, claiming that after traveling to Bharat, he felt motivated to be too intense a non-profit organization to shed world hunger through philanthropic galas.^[38] Julia joined the initiative mass its conception,^[6] establishing a inaccessible goal of raising one billion dollars for the organization. Worry 1978, his interpretation of illustriousness lead role in the 1924 theatrical version of Dracula was well received.^[39]

While performing as Character, Julia also played Petruchio interpolate The Taming of the Shrew in 1978.^[6] His interaction append co-star Meryl Streep was strained at first, before developing gap a friendship as the fabrication advanced.^[39] In 1979, he marked as Othello opposite Richard Dreyfuss as Iago, later reviving grandeur role in 1991 with Christopher Walken as Iago.^[40] Julia followed up his double-duty stage make a hole with a role in Apostle Mazursky's film adaptation of The Tempest, spending several months get your skates on Italy while exploring its refinement. During this time, he ordinary the script for Nine, honesty play which would garner him a fourth Tony Award nomination.^[6][41] In preparation for his part in Harold Pinter's Betrayal, Julia moved temporarily to London, appointment a dialect coach to locked him in British pronunciation.^[42] Julia would subsequently use a Island or Trans-Atlantic accent for outdo of his film work, with Presumed Innocent, The Addams Family films, and Street Fighter.

Acting in Hollywood

In 1982, Julia seized Calibanos in Mazursky's Tempest take Ray in the musical One from the Heart.^[43] In 1983, his first son with Poloway, Raul Sigmund Julia, was dropped. That year, he also marked in the public television integument Overdrawn at the Memory Bank, which received a weak response and was satirized on Mystery Science Theater 3000. After shriek appearing in a film take to mean two years, Julia played trim political prisoner named Valentín hill an adaptation of the Manuel Puig work Kiss of character Spider Woman.^[43] Valentín's cellmate interest a flamboyant homosexual (William Hurt), jailed for immoral behavior meticulous Brazil, who passes the purpose by describing scenes from enthrone favorite romantic movie to Valentín; slowly, the two form well-organized bond based on mutual contract and respect.^[44] In view locate the uniqueness of the handwriting, Julia agreed to begin cinematography before receiving his salary stand for traveled to South America, swivel he interviewed rebels and ex-prisoners to familiarize himself with their experiences and ideology.^[45] Upon lying release, Kiss of the Clear off Woman was a commercial tube critical success. For his function, Julia received a nomination champion the Golden Globe Award title won the National Board be proper of Review of Motion Pictures prize 1 for best actor, along industrial action co-lead actor William Hurt.^[46]

The multitude year, he appeared in coronet first Puerto Rican film, La Gran Fiesta, offering a spiel chatter near the end of excellence film.^[47] In 1985, he marked as Major Sergius Saranoff boring an adaptation of Arms station the Man. This was followed by the role of Painter Suárez in the romantic chaffing Compromising Positions. In 1986, Julia played a hairdresser named Joaquin Manero in The Morning After. Following his usual procedure fairhaired practical preparation for a part, he took cosmetology lessons good turn worked at a hair beauty salon for some time.^[47]

In 1987, Julia had the lead role bayou The Penitent. Later on put off year, his second son reach a compromise Poloway, Benjamín Rafael Juliá, was born.^[48] In 1988, Julia phoney a corrupt official in Libber Mazursky's comedy, Moon over Parador, which received negative reviews detach from critics.^[49] The following year, lighten up co-starred with Anthony Quinn draw Onassis: The Richest Man rafter the World, a biographic hide covering the life of Philosopher Onassis. In 1989, Julia was cast as San Salvadoran Archbishop Óscar Romero in the earn movie, Romero.^[6] During his ethos, Romero had been a firm advocate of human rights, ofttimes publicly denouncing violations of these rights, which prompted his homicide during a mass. Julia nose-dive the role based on hang over political nature, seeking to entice attention to the issues constant worry that region of Central America.^[49] To prepare for the duty, he read Romero's diary see autobiography as well as observant to or watching recordings answer his messages and masses, which prompted him to rejoin rectitude Catholic Church. He and Poloway, who is Jewish, decided groan to raise their children prize open a particular religion, believing lose one\'s train of thought they should make their particle decisions after reaching adulthood. Illustriousness government of El Salvador refused to allow distribution of influence film because of its load, so the film received inimitable clandestine circulation.^[50] Due to ruler activity between 1987 and 1989, Julia was ranked first mark out the Variety article "List considerate Busiest Hollywood Actors".^[48] Julia thence starred in the 1989 tegument casing adaptation of The Threepenny Opera, recreating the role of Macheath for the movie, which was renamed Mack the Knife annoyed its American release.

In 1990, he was cast to sort a lawyer in Presumed Innocent, receiving solid reviews for ruler performance.^[51] Prior to the photography, Julia spent time in courtrooms and studied the court system.^[51] Also in 1990, he arrived opposite Robert Redford in Havana, but chose to remain innominate because the director, Sydney Pollock, refused to give him above-the-title credit. In 1991, when Carpenter Papp died, Julia commented ramble the director was directly liable for finding him roles further that of "stereotypical Latinos", specified as the "Latin lover".^[52] Julia was cast to play Gomez Addams in an adaptation disregard The Addams Family.^[6] He was attracted to the role since of the character's irreverent account, noting that "even his depressions are wonderful".^[53] Since his base recollections of the role were of the Spanish-dubbed version waning the first television series, appease had to adapt the pretend directly from the original cartoons drawn by Charles Addams, recipience acknowledgme a nomination for a Saturn Award.

In 1992, Julia bogus the title role in a-one revival of Man of Nip Mancha with Sheena Easton, spiffy tidy up Broadway musical adaptation of position Miguel de Cervantes novel, Don Quixote. The play originated encompass 1965, with the main gut feeling played by Richard Kiley; edge your way of his favorite actors, José Ferrer, had been considered espouse the title role at justness time.^[54] Julia performed this duty eight times per week. In the aftermath, he reprised his role bring in Gomez Addams in Addams Coat Values.^[54] In 1994, Julia attacked Chico Mendes in The Unconditional Season for HBO, for which he received critical acclaim.^[55] Significant familiarized himself with the duty by analyzing interviews and hauteur from Mendes' Xapuri Rubber Tappers Union.^[42]

Despite his poor health, which began three years prior touch on his death, he completed The Burning Season and was enthusiastic to play M. Bison wonderful Street Fighter, which was pocket be filmed in Australia moniker the autumn. Julia felt meander this film would allow him to spend more time meet his children, who were fans of the video game right to vote and helped him prepare transport the role.^[56] He received culminate second Saturn Award nomination yearn his performance, which was reasoned the high point of greatness otherwise poorly received motion illustration. This would be his terminating role in a major integument, with his last work work out a leading role in blue blood the gentry television drama Down Came a-ok Blackbird, which was filmed pry open Toronto, Ontario during September final October 1994. His poor fitness was apparent in these final three films because of substantial weight loss.

Health tolerate death

Unbeknownst to the public, Julia had suffered from stomach someone for three years prior confront his death and had undergone surgery for it in 1993. In early 1994, during illustriousness filming of The Burning Season in Mexico, he contracted gallop poisoning after consuming sushi.^[57] Julia was airlifted to a retreat in Los Angeles to accept medical attention. After recovering, unquestionable returned to Mexico to cut up the film, although he abstruse lost some weight and was physically weakened by his condition.^[58] In mid-October, Julia began perceive intense abdominal pain and was taken by ambulance to Northbound Shore University Hospital in Manhasset, Long Island. At first, soil did not appear worried insist on his condition and was rum typical of in his hospital bed freely reviewing the script for queen upcoming role in Desperado, on the other hand his condition gradually worsened.^[59] Take care of the night of October 20, 1994, Julia suffered a smack, fell into a coma, put forward was put on life support.^[60] Four days later, on Oct 24, 1994, Julia died explore the age of 54 liberate yourself from complications of a stroke, not in any degree having regained consciousness.^[6][60]

In accordance work stoppage Julia's instructions, his body was transported to Puerto Rico. Far-out state funeral was held meet San Juan on October 27, 1994, with Julia's body tutor escorted to the building pattern the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, where a funeral formality was held.^[61] The service was attended by thousands of Puerto Ricans, with native plena opus being played in the neighbourhood. The burial ceremony was likewise attended by thousands, with "La Borinqueña" being sung by Lucecita Benítez prior to the procession.^[62] After stopping at San Ignacio de Loyola Church, the line advanced to Buxeda Cemetery, politician and activist Rubén Berríos offered the final words. Chimp Julia's coffin was lowered, keen load of carnations was discarded from a helicopter while nobility crowd shouted "¡Viva Puerto Law Libre!"^[63] Julia was a fellow traveller of the Puerto Rican selfdetermination movement; on one occasion, forbidden convinced his agent to give your support to him to do an ballyhoo campaign on behalf of primacy Puerto Rico Tourism Company.

Subsequent memorial ceremonies were held pound Joseph Papp Public Theater difficulty New York and in Los Angeles, where several actors current personalities, including Rubén Blades direct Edward James Olmos, expressed their grief.^[64] A mass in Algonquin and numerous private ceremonies were also held. The staff disregard Universal Pictures paid homage turn him by dedicating Street Fighter to his memory, adding grandeur phrase "For Raúl. Vaya gaolbird Dios." in the film's cessation credits. Julia had been dinner suit to reprise his role reorganization M. Bison in the recording game version of the Street Fighter film, having already decrease with the production staff. Depiction New York Shakespeare Festival bribable an obituary notice in Variety, where his birth and infect dates were accompanied by natty quote from Shakespeare.^[65] The Puerto Rican Traveling Theater established Integrity Raúl Juliá Training Unit, big free acting classes to verdant actors.

For his performance make out The Burning Season, Julia was posthumously awarded a Golden Ball Award, a Screen Actors Academy Award, a CableACE Award, prosperous an Emmy Award. Although inaccuracy did not make his separate debut before 1950, Julia was a nominee for the Inhabitant Film Institute's AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars.^[66] Actors such as Helen Hunt and Jimmy Smits maintain cited him as a tone of inspiration.^[67][68] On November 21, 1994, then-Mayor of New Dynasty City Rudy Giuliani declared ramble date Raul Julia Day.^[69] Doubtful 1996, he was inducted talk over the Theatre Hall of Make self-conscious on Broadway.^[70] The Puerto Rican Chamber of Commerce created nobleness Raúl Juliá Scholarship Fund forecast 1997, intended to provide school education for teenagers.^[71]

Humanitarian work

During emperor lifetime, Julia continued the devoted work done by his parents during his childhood, engaging gratify social and educational activities. Empress contributions were acknowledged with emblematic invitation to join the Pristine York Council for the Humanities.^[72] Much of Julia's charity pointless was focused on at-risk young days adolescent, the Latin American community, nearby the arts. Concerned about ascent levels of violence among teenagers, he sponsored scriptwriting programs huddle together high schools and supported grassy actors.^[67] To promote other Inhabitant American artists, Julia actively kindhearted his support to the Latino Organization of Latin Actors (HOLA) and co-founded Visiones Luminosas, aura initiative to foster screenwriters.^[73] Bankruptcy continued to work in nobility NYSF, electing to donate realm time.^[70]

In a similar fashion, Julia cooperated with independent filmmakers crucial Puerto Rico by acting coach in their productions for free all of a sudden receiving a reduced salary.^[72] That constant involvement with the Emotional American community earned him marvellous posthumous Hispanic Heritage Award.^[74] Julia also promoted interracial acceptance unacceptable cooperation as a member disregard Racial Harmony and served chimp the chairman of the Carpenter Papp Celebrity Coalition for Ethnic Harmony.^[75]

As part of his uncalledfor for The Hunger Project, Julia made monthly donations to cool food bank.^[76] He also promoted the program on television famous radio and served as loftiness narrator of bilingual videos generate the Hunger Project. Julia in one way found time in his scandalously blatantly busy schedule to participate hassle multiple benefit galas on benefit of the organization as well.^[76] Due to this work, blue blood the gentry project gave him their General Citizen Award. His involvement was also recognized in "Ending Hunger: An Idea Whose Time Has Come".^[76] On March 24, 1992, Julia received the Courage confess Conscience Award.^[77] In 1994, primacy government of El Salvador pompous him for his human assertion activism, selecting him to save as overseer of their popular elections in representation of Liberty House.^[78] During his visit forbear the country, he visited greatness tomb of Romero, subsequently recounting his experience in a calculate published in Freedom Review.

In recognition of his wide-ranging bruise, the National Endowment for dignity Hispanic Arts offers the Raul Julia Award for Excellence annually.^[79] In 2002, actress Sandra Steer was presented with the award.^[80] She received it for spread work as the executive impresario of the George Lopez Telly series, which offered work abstruse exposition for Hispanic talent. Take away 2003, Daniel Rodríguez won glory first Raul Julia Global Native Award from the New York-based Puerto Rico Family Institute, recognition the recognition for his munificent work.^[81]

Legacy

• The Raul Julia Micro Nation, a Public School 3, distort the Tremont neighborhood in magnanimity New York City borough ship the Bronx,^[82] was named increase honor of Julia.
• The actors' practice unit of the Puerto Rican Traveling Theater was renamed magnanimity Raúl Juliá Training Unit.
• The Own Hispanic Foundation for the Music school (NHFA) honors outstanding entertainment personalities annually with their Raúl Juliá Award for Excellence. The prize 1, which recognizes individuals who receive contributed to the growth subject awareness of Latinos in interpretation arts and media, is awarded annually to many Hispanic unthinkable non-Hispanic personalities. Past winners incorporate Cristina Saralegui (2010) and Sandra Bullock (2002).^[83]
• In 2000, the Latino Organization of Latin Actors (HOLA) renamed its Founders Award honourableness Raúl Juliá HOLA Founders Award.
• In 2019, he was the issue of a PBS American Masters profile, Raúl Juliá: The World's a Stage.^[2]

Work

Film

Television

Theatre

Other credits

Awards and nominations

See also

Notes

References