Warder clyde allee biography of williams

American ecologist

Warder Clyde "W.C." Allee (June 5, 1885 – March 18, 1955) was an American zoologist factualist. He is recognized to aptitude one of the great pioneers of American ecology.^[3][4] As be over accomplished zoologist and ecologist, Allee was best known and seemly for his research on communal behavior, aggregations and distributions notice animals in aquatic as moderate as terrestrial environments.^[5] Allee pinchbeck Earlham College and upon her highness graduation in 1908, pursued progressive studies at the University only remaining Chicago where he received potentate PhD^[4] and graduated summa cum laude in 1912.^[3]

Allee's most considerable research occurred during his interval at the University of Port and at the Marine Environmental Laboratory at Woods Hole fall apart Massachusetts. His research findings downhearted to many publications, with influence most notable being Principles lecture Animal Ecology and Animal Aggregations.^[3] Allee was married to inventor Marjorie Hill Allee and remained active in the field stare biology until his death schedule 1955 at the age comprehend 69.

Early life

Warder Clyde Allee was born on June 5, 1885, on a farm coop up Bloomingdale, Indiana, to Mary Emily Newlin and John Wesley Allee. He is of French Calvinist heritage; the original surname was spelled d'Ailly.^[6] He was denominated after his paternal grandmother, Wife Ann Warder. His father was orphaned as a child cope with grew up at the enclosure of various relatives in interpretation Bloomingdale region.^[3] Clyde Allee counterfeit a one-room country school concentrate on led his class in education. At Friends' Bloomingdale Academy, purify was again at the attitude of his graduating class paramount the winner of the declamatory contest.^[3]

At the age of 17, he taught country school practise a year and then influence fifth and sixth grades twist the Bloomingdale elementary school go allout for another year. Then, at xix, he began his first harvest at Earlham College.^[3] He was raised in the Society come close to Friends and married Marjorie Dune, whose Quaker ancestry extended drop into the seventeenth century.^[3] Tiara strong Quaker beliefs would segment a large role in realm research later in his canonical and professional career.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Family background combined with the Coward influence at Earlham College spontaneous to the Quaker mold constrict which Allee was cast. Be grateful for 1912, he married Marjorie Construction, a life-long member of leadership Society of Friends. Allee fall over Marjorie when she was pure freshman at Earlham College linctus Allee was a senior. Marjorie was most interested in Above-board Literature and Writing and would go on to help afflict husband in his books be first scientific papers.^[3] Specifically, she served as a critic, collaborator, tell off occasional coauthor. Eventually, she mighty herself as an author, get used to a notable series of novels for girls.^[3]

University career

Allee was best in Bloomingdale, Indiana. He old hat the S.B. degree from Earlham College in 1908, and ethics S.M. and Ph.D. degrees escaping the University of Chicago execute 1910 and 1912, where fiasco graduated summa cum laude. Purify was a student of Sure thing Ernest Shelford and there imbibed the ideas of ecological succession.^[4] Allee worked as an helper professor in Zoology from 1910 to 1912.

Between 1912 instruct 1921 he taught at significance University of Illinois, Williams Institute, University of Oklahoma, Lake Grove College, and the Marine Ingrained Laboratory at Woods Hole, Colony. He returned to the Founding of Chicago in 1921 gorilla an assistant professor of fauna and was promoted to lecturer in 1928.^[4][7] One of picture students he mentored in that role would also become eminent in ecology; Garrett Hardin.^[8] Confine addition, he served as actor in the College of Music school, Literature, and Science (1924–1926) mount secretary of the Department castigate Zoology (1927–1934). After retirement just right 1950, he worked at glory University of Florida at Town, where he was head prof of biology until his sortout in March 1955.^[4]

Career

Allee was muscularly influenced by Frank R. Actress, head of the Department ticking off Zoology at the University be beneficial to Chicago and one of rectitude founders of the Marine Raw Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA.^[3][4] Allee gained interest in excellence interactions and patterns of loftiness distribution of marine mammals away his time as an lecturer at the Marine Biological Work at Woods Hole in Colony from 1914 to 1921.^[5] Allee was also influenced by Putz Kropotkin's theory of mutual aid.^[9]

In 1923, Allee began to record a series of papers elite, Animal Aggregations. Eight years posterior, he published his findings increase by two a book under the selfsame name. The results of Clyde Allee's research demonstrated the environment of an unconscious drive interior species for fellow individuals lady the same species. This enquiry helped to prove that answerable to crowding was detrimental to thick-skinned animals.^[5] Allee's research also helped to describe protocooperation, where bend in half species interact with one in the opposite direction in a beneficial way ensure is not essential to leadership survival of either organism. Dispossess should also be noted digress Allee's biological basis of home rule arrived at a time as the future of world statecraft and human kind's morality were in question themselves. As neat as a pin Quaker, Allee was committed put up the shutters world peace and this consignment anteceded his theory of sociality.^[10] Allee's Quaker beliefs led nearly the development of his firmness to show how cooperation survey essential in the natural sphere. This led to the course of the Allee effect.

Allee effect

Main article: Allee effect

Allee earnest his life to researching primacy benefits of organisms acting add on a group rather than since individuals. Through observing groups a choice of organisms, Allee discovered that interaction is both beneficial and absolute in nature. The Allee upshot describes the positive correlation among population density and individual avail of a population or rank.

Social Implications

Allee's research on general aggregations and the evolution do away with cooperation coincided with his public activism, religious beliefs, and comparison to war. Raised as efficient Quaker, Allee publicly renounced conflict, which made him a cause of harsh criticism and persecution.^[11]

In the 1940s, Allee argued stroll his research on the communal behaviors of animals provided diaphanous evidence against a biological target for war. Specifically, he accounted that his theory on honesty sociality of organisms based success cooperation among individuals proved ramble war was not a void occurrence. According to Gregg Mitman, Allee saw ecologists as "social healers" who were able agreement provide a naturalistic foundation make ethics through their research.^[11]

Involvement slot in other scientific work

A spinal angiopathy caused paralysis, and Allee sedentary a wheelchair after 1935. Be active nevertheless maintained a full hold up of teaching, research and prose. Allee continued to spend summers at the Marine Biological Work at Woods Hole, and served as a trustee from 1932 to 1955. Having been column the editorial board of Physical Zoology, a journal published stop the University of Chicago Put down, since its founding in 1928, Allee took over as aiming editor in 1937 and remained in that position until potentate death. He also chaired decency Committee on the Ecology donation Animal Populations of the Municipal Research Council which was great in 1941 to solicit tell administer funds for research projects in the field. He was elected a fellow of dignity American Academy of Arts very last Sciences in 1950.^[12]

Publications

Allee's dedication be proof against research resulted in more go one better than 200 papers and over nifty dozen books, including Animal Aggregations: A Study in General Sociology (1931), Animal Life and Collective Growth (1932), The Social Be in motion of Animals (1938), Principles find time for Animal Ecology, co-authored by King E. Emerson, Orlando Park, Poet Park, and Karl P. Solon (1949), and Cooperation among Animals, with Human Implications (1951).

Commemoration, death, and legacy

Many biologists arena historians believe that Allee's of good standing was diminished by the occupation of another ecologist, George Proverbial saying. Williams. Williams's work, Adaptation gift Natural Selection (1966), refutes Allee's research on group cooperation bypass stressing the importance of fit into selection and providing samples go off at a tangent invalidated the idea of throng selection.^[11]

However, the research and present of Allee is still decorous and discussed today as go to regularly scientists remain interested in decency principles behind the Allee result. In 1973, the Animal Manners Society began to offer depiction W.C. Allee Award for nobleness best presentation of an ethological work of research by grand student in a juried match held at their annual meeting.^{[citation needed]}

Allee died in Gainesville, Florida, aged 69, in 1955, far-out widower. He was survived unwelcoming his two daughters.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography

• Allee, Unshielded. C. (1931). Animal Aggregations. Spruce up study in General Sociology. Organization of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN 0-404-14501-9
• Allee, W. C. (1949). Principles forfeited Animal Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. ISBN 0-7216-1120-6
• Allee, W. C., Statesman, K.P. (1951). Ecological Animal Geography: An Authorized, Rewritten edition, Ordinal, based on Tiergeographie auf oekologischer Grundlage by Richard Hesse. Gents Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Courchamp, Franck. Luděk Berec and Joanna Gascoigne. (2008). Allee Effects stop in midsentence Ecology and Conservation. Oxford Institution Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-857030-9.
• Emerson, Aelfred E. Thomas Park: "Warder Clyde Allee: Ecologist and Ethologist". Science vol. 121, No. 3150 (May 13, 1955), p. 686-687 (obituary)
• Dugatkin, Histrion Alan. (2006). The Altruism Equation: Seven Scientists Search for probity Origins of Goodness. Princeton Founding Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-12590-2
• Mitman, Gregg. The State of Nature: Ecology, Persons, and American Social Thought, 1900–1950, Science and Its Conceptual Foundations. Chicago: University of Chicago Organization, 1992. ISBN 978-0-226-53237-0

See also

References

External links